Beading Terminology Glossary K To Z

A measure of gold purity expressed in 24 parts. Pure gold is 24 karat; 18-karat gold contains 18 parts gold out of 24, or 75%. Gemstone weight is measured in carats, a different unit.

A ring worn beside another ring to help keep it in place. The term can also describe a ring designed to guard or complement an engagement ring.

An earring finding with a curved wire that passes through a pierced ear and hooks into a small catch. Its elongated outline resembles a kidney.

A kilogram, often shortened to kilo, equals 1,000 grams. Beads may be sold by kilogram for bulk purchases or by gram for smaller quantities.

A small cupped finding that hides and protects a knot at the end of a beaded strand. Also called a bead tip or calotte; its loop connects the strand to a clasp.

Tying knots between beads, often pearls, to separate them and limit bead loss if a strand breaks. The cord, bead holes and knot size need to work together.

An aluminium silicate mineral often seen as blue, bladed crystals. Its hardness differs with direction, and its cleavage makes it vulnerable to splitting during rough handling.

A feldspar valued for flashes of colour called labradorescence. The grey or darker body can show blue, green, gold or other colours when the stone catches the light.

A descriptive trade name sometimes used for patterned glass beads, including millefiori. It is not a standard bead shape or manufacturing method; check the seller’s photograph and description.

A beadweaving stitch that joins beads side by side into a ladder-like strip. It is often used to begin brick stitch or herringbone stitch.

Glass shaped in a torch flame, often wound around a coated metal mandrel to make a bead. Coloured glass can be added for decoration, and controlled annealing helps relieve internal stress.

A blue ornamental rock containing several minerals, including blue lazurite, often with white calcite and brassy pyrite. Colour, texture, inclusions and treatments all affect its appearance and value.

A necklace with loose ends that can be draped, looped or tied, or a design with one end passing through a loop. It has no single standard length.

The Italian name for opaque white glass, also called milk glass. Its milky appearance comes from materials added to make the glass opaque.

A trade name commonly used for beads made from porous volcanic rock. Their pits and cavities give them a lightweight, textured appearance; products may be dyed or coated.

A necklace with a delicate hanging ornament or pendant, often on a fine chain. The spelling lavallière is also used.

Glass formulated with lead oxide to change properties such as brilliance, density and working behaviour. Not all crystal glass contains lead, and the word crystal alone does not specify its composition.

A trade name commonly used for spotted or orbicular rhyolitic material. Despite the jasper name, it is often a volcanic rock rather than a true jasper.

Earring findings with a hinged back that closes behind the ear. A small loop or setting holds the decorative part of the earring.

Painted enamel associated with Limoges, France. Coloured enamel is applied and fired to create images on a metal surface, rather than being confined entirely within wire divisions.

Colour or a reflective coating applied inside a bead’s hole. Seen through transparent glass, the lining adds depth or brightness; its composition and resistance depend on the product.

Fine gold-coloured tubular beads used in flowing strands. The name does not establish gold content; check whether the beads are solid gold, gold-filled, plated or another material.

Fine silver-coloured tubular beads that create a fluid, continuous appearance when strung together. The name describes the look; check whether the actual material is sterling silver, plated metal or another metal.

A sulphur-based patinating product used to darken silver, copper and some alloys. Colour varies with the metal and treatment. Follow the product’s handling, ventilation and disposal instructions.

A spring-loaded clasp with a small lever that opens a curved arm. It connects to a ring or chain link to fasten a necklace or bracelet. Also called a trigger clasp.

A pendant or other ornament that opens to hold a small photograph, keepsake or similar item.

A frame that holds lengthwise warp threads under tension while beads are woven between them with a crosswise weft thread.

A small magnifier used to inspect details such as bead holes, surfaces, settings and gemstone inclusions. Magnification is usually marked on the tool.

A trade name for acrylic plastic, or polymethyl methacrylate. It is used for lightweight beads and jewellery in clear or coloured forms; the name alone does not guarantee a particular quality.

The way a material reflects light from its surface. In bead finishes, lustre often describes a soft, reflective coating; its exact appearance and durability vary by manufacturer.

Shaped or faceted using cutting and polishing machinery. On beads and crystal components, this usually describes defined facets rather than a rounded, fire-polished surface.

A brand of manufactured imitation pearls associated with Mallorca, Spain. These pearl-like products are made with a coated core rather than grown inside a mollusc.

A copper carbonate hydroxide mineral known for rich green bands and swirls. It is relatively soft and can be damaged by acids, abrasive cleaning and rough handling.

A rod or form used to shape material around it. Different mandrels are made for rings, wire loops, coils or lampworked glass; they may be straight, tapered or stepped.

Beads with swirled, streaked or blended colours resembling marble. The pattern can be formed within the material or applied as a surface decoration.

An elongated oval shape that tapers to a point at both ends. The name is used for gemstones, settings, beads and other components.

In the bead trade, a counting unit of 1,200 beads. It describes quantity, not weight, so a mass of large beads weighs more than a mass of small beads.

A necklace commonly around 20–24 inches (51–61 cm) long. Length names are approximate; the position on the body depends on the wearer, bead size and design.

A surface with little shine. Glass may be etched or otherwise treated to create a soft, frosted look; a matte exterior can still reveal a reflective lining through the glass.

A decorative disc, often round or oval, with a design in relief or engraving. It may be worn as a pendant or incorporated into a larger piece.

Spring-tempered steel wire supplied in coils that retain a curved shape. Common sizes suit rings, bracelets and necklaces. Use cutters and finishing tools specifically rated for memory wire.

Cutters designed for hard spring wire. Ordinary soft-wire jewellery cutters can be damaged by memory wire; check the tool’s wire-type and diameter limits.

Forming or decorating metal with a stamp, die or press. It can mean impressing letters or patterns into a surface, or making a shaped metal component.

Beads with a metal-like surface, such as bronze, copper, silver or gunmetal. The appearance may come from a coating and does not mean the bead is solid metal.

Opaque white glass with a milky appearance. Lattimo is the Italian term; the effect comes from the glass composition rather than a coating of milk-like paint.

A glass technique that uses cross-sections of patterned canes to create repeated motifs, often flowers. The Italian name means “a thousand flowers”; the method also inspires patterned polymer-clay work.

A trade name for beads with reflective inner layers and translucent outer coatings that create an illusion of depth. Often made from plastic, they appear especially bright in direct light.

Having a reflective coating on the back of a transparent component. The backing reflects light through the material and can make cut facets appear brighter.

A relative scale of scratch hardness from 1, talc, to 10, diamond. It is not a measure of resistance to breaking: a hard gemstone may still chip or split.

A metalworking technique in which layers of different metals are bonded, worked and exposed to produce a wood-grain-like pattern. Often shortened to mokume.

A traditional Japanese unit equal to 3.75 grams, used in pearl trading. In silk fabrics, momme refers to fabric weight based on a standard area.

A single continuous filament, often nylon, used as a stringing material. Its stiffness, stretch and knot behaviour differ from braided thread and flexible beading wire.

An Australian ornamental stone commonly sold as jasper, formed from silicified radiolarian-rich sediment. Beads often combine mustard yellow, cream, burgundy and earthy red tones.

A feldspar gemstone with a soft, floating glow called adularescence. Its body colour may be colourless, white, peach or grey; material sold as rainbow moonstone is commonly transparent labradorite.

In metal etching, a chemical that attacks the exposed surface to form a design. In dyeing, the word instead refers to a substance that helps bind dye to a material.

A design assembled from small pieces of materials such as glass, stone or ceramic. The pieces are arranged and secured to form a larger pattern or image.

Beads decorated with assembled pieces or sections of patterned material. In glass bead descriptions, the term is often used for millefiori or related cane-pattern techniques.

The iridescent nacre lining of certain mollusc shells, including pearl oysters, some mussels and abalone. It is cut into beads, buttons, inlay and other decorative pieces.

Jewellery made or worn in remembrance of someone who has died. It predates Queen Victoria, although Victorian examples are well known; materials include jet, dark glass, gold and woven hair.

Glass made on Murano, in the Venetian lagoon. The name indicates origin; glass made elsewhere in a similar style is more accurately described as Murano-style.

Beads sold as containing or being made from fragrant myrrh resin. Recipes may include other resins or binding materials, so check the maker’s description for the actual composition.

The layered material that forms mother-of-pearl and the surface of many pearls. It combines microscopic calcium carbonate crystals with an organic matrix, producing strength and iridescence.

Small, flat-backed beads made to be sewn onto fabric, often through holes along their base. Many vintage examples are faceted glass and were used to decorate clothing and accessories.

A chain worn around the neck, either on its own or with a pendant. Its length, link size and clasp affect how it fits and what it can support.

An extra length of chain or another connector used to increase a necklace’s finished length. It may be removable or built into the clasp end.

Names such as choker, princess and opera describe common length ranges. They are approximate: use the measured finished length, including the clasp, when choosing a fit. The table below gives a practical starting point.

A small or short necklace, usually worn close to the neck. The term has no single fixed measurement.

Tools that carry thread through beads or fabric. Beading needles are usually slender; choose the needle type and size to suit the thread, bead holes and number of passes required.

Beads decorated by painting on the inside of a transparent or translucent body. The Chinese term neihua refers to inside painting.

A beadweaving technique that links groups of beads into an open, net-like structure. Changing the number of beads between connections changes the size and shape of the openings.

A silvery metal used in alloys and some plating. Nickel can cause skin reactions in sensitive people; a silver-coloured finish does not identify whether a component contains nickel.

A descriptive name for a very fine, understated necklace, often a delicate chain with tiny beads or ornaments. It is a style description rather than a standard construction.

A flexible thread used for beadweaving, loom work and some stringing. Nylon threads differ in thickness, construction and stretch; match the thread to the bead holes and intended use.

A brand of nylon beading thread available in different sizes and colours. It is used for beadweaving and embroidery; preparation and conditioning depend on the thread and project.

Natural volcanic glass formed when molten rock cools with little crystal growth. Usually dark, it may show bands, sheen or snowflake-like inclusions. Chipped edges can be sharp.

A trade name for patterned, often orbicular ornamental material from Madagascar. Colours and circular markings vary widely; the name does not mean every piece was collected at low tide.

A trade description suggesting pearls harvested after about a year of cultivation. Cultivation time alone does not establish nacre thickness or overall pearl quality.

A banded variety of chalcedony, traditionally with relatively straight, parallel bands. Black onyx beads are often treated to produce an even colour; check the material and treatment description.

Hydrated silica that may show shifting rainbow colours called play-of-colour. Common opal lacks this effect. In glass bead descriptions, opal can instead mean a milky or softly translucent appearance.

A name commonly used for man-made opalescent glass beads, often milky with a blue glow. It is also used inconsistently in the stone trade, so confirm the actual material.

Allowing no light through at the thickness being viewed. An opaque bead can still have a glossy, matte or metallic surface; opacity and surface finish describe different properties.

A setting with openings in its back or sides that leave part of the stone exposed. Open construction can reduce weight and allow access for cleaning.

A long necklace commonly around 28–36 inches (71–91 cm). It may be worn as one strand or, if the design and fit allow, doubled around the neck.

A potassium feldspar mineral and the reference for Mohs hardness 6. Feldspar minerals occur in many rocks and include ornamental and gem varieties.

Beads with an elongated, rounded outline. The term describes shape, but the bead may be flat, rounded or faceted; a teardrop has a more tapered end.

A setting shaped to hold an oval stone or component. It may use prongs, a bezel or another method of securing the stone.

A simple knot made by passing an end through a loop and tightening it. Its role and security depend on the cord and design; it is often part of a larger knot or finishing method.

A layer or decorative element placed over another material. The term alone does not specify thickness, metal purity or how the layers were joined.

A chemical change involving loss of electrons, often associated with surface colour changes on metals. In jewellery, oxidised commonly describes a deliberately darkened finish; silver darkening often involves sulphur compounds.

A collector’s trade name associated with certain plain glass beads used in historic trade, often in blue or white. The name alone does not establish a bead’s age or place of manufacture.

A silvery-white precious metal in the platinum group, used in jewellery alloys and some plating. Its presence and purity should be stated in the product description.

A surface colour or texture that develops as a material ages or is applied deliberately. Metal patinas may be dark, coloured or mottled, depending on the metal and treatment.

A setting style in which small stones sit closely together, held by small beads or prongs of metal, to create a continuous sparkling surface.

A small cup that supports a pearl or bead, often with a peg that fits into a half-drilled hole. The component is usually secured with a suitable adhesive.

A pearl-shaped or pearl-based hanging component. It may be naturally drop-shaped or fitted with a loop or cap so it can hang from jewellery.

An opening bail or connector that allows a pendant to be attached to a strand of pearls or beads. Choose an opening large enough for the strand and a secure closure.

Gems formed by molluscs. Natural pearls form without human intervention; cultured pearls develop after a technician introduces tissue, sometimes with a bead nucleus. Most pearls used in jewellery today are cultured, and their shapes and colours vary widely.

An ornament that hangs from a necklace, chain or cord. It may connect through a drilled hole, bail, loop or setting.

A unit used for precious metals, abbreviated dwt. One pennyweight equals 24 grains, 1/20 of a troy ounce, or approximately 1.555 grams.

The green gem variety of olivine, commonly ranging from yellowish green to brownish green. It can be damaged by sharp blows and sudden temperature changes.

A tin-based alloy used for cast beads, charms and findings. Modern jewellery pewter often contains antimony and copper; older or unspecified pewter may contain lead, so use the supplier’s composition information.

A beadweaving stitch that creates staggered rows, with each new bead sitting between beads in the previous row. Variations include flat, circular and tubular peyote.

A mottled or speckled surface effect used on glass beads, often creating an earthy, stone-like appearance. Colours and coverage vary; the finish is unrelated to Picasso marble as a material.

Trade names for decorative stone with contrasting abstract lines and patches. Material sold as Picasso marble can be marble rather than true jasper; confirm the identity before assuming quartz-like hardness.

An ornamental jasper with markings that resemble landscapes or scenes. Its patterns come from variations and inclusions in the material, rather than a picture applied to the surface.

A patterned, chatoyant ornamental material containing fibrous inclusions in chalcedony. It often combines blue, brown and golden areas in swirls or broken-looking patterns.

A connector with inward-facing pegs that fit into a pendant’s drilled hole when the bail is gently closed. Match the bail’s opening and peg position to the pendant.

Plate can mean a sheet of metal. Plating means a thin surface layer deposited onto another material, often by electroplating; the coating and the underlying metal should be identified separately.

A dense, silvery-white precious metal valued for corrosion resistance and used in jewellery alloys. Its price relative to gold changes, so platinum does not always mean more expensive.

An instruction abbreviation meaning “pass needle back through”. It tells you to return through the bead or beads specified in the pattern.

An instruction abbreviation meaning “pass needle through”. Follow the pattern for the exact bead, direction and thread path.

A modelling material based on PVC and plasticisers, used to make beads and decorative components. It is cured with heat according to the manufacturer’s instructions; different products have different baking requirements.

Relatively large-hole beads commonly used for stringing, crafts and loomwork. They may be plastic or glass; the name covers several sizes and is not an exact equivalent of size 6/0 seed beads.

A trade name for jasper with rounded, often red or yellow markings that suggest flowers. Colour and pattern depend on the material’s source.

The straight pin on an earring that passes through the ear and is held by an earring back. Posts can support studs or other earring designs.

Metals valued for rarity and useful properties, including gold, silver and platinum-group metals such as palladium and rhodium. Jewellery may be solid alloy, filled or plated, so the construction matters as well as the metal name.

A calcium aluminium silicate mineral used for translucent beads and cabochons, often pale green or yellow-green. Some pieces contain dark inclusions that add contrast.

A machine that applies force to shape, cut or stamp material. In jewellery production, a press may be used with dies to form metal findings or decorative parts.

Glass shaped by pressing softened glass into a mould. Bead moulds can produce many shapes, textures and hole arrangements; finishing steps smooth and prepare the beads for use.

A necklace commonly about 18 inches (46 cm) long. It usually sits below a choker, but its position depends on the wearer and the design.

A setting with metal claws that hold a stone or component in place. The number, shape and position of the prongs must suit the stone and its cut.

An iron sulphide mineral with a brassy colour and metallic lustre, often nicknamed fool’s gold. It is a distinct mineral, not a form of tiger’s eye or pietersite.

A silicon dioxide mineral and the reference for Mohs hardness 7. Its varieties include rock crystal, amethyst and rose quartz; chalcedony includes fine-grained forms such as agate. Opal is hydrated silica, not quartz.

Beads showing multiple shifting surface colours, often from an iridescent coating. Names such as rainbow, iris and AB can overlap, but their appearance and composition vary between manufacturers.

A descriptive trade name for colourful, often banded ornamental stone sold as jasper. The name does not specify a single geological source or a fixed range of colours.

A trade description sometimes used for bead surfaces with a matte, metallic or iridescent look. Actual raku is a ceramic firing tradition; a raku-look glass coating does not establish that process.

A smooth, round satin cord used for stringing large-hole beads, knotting and decorative work. It may be made from rayon, nylon or other fibres; check the material and diameter.

An abrasive tool for smoothing or gently enlarging a bead hole. Use a tool suited to the material, follow its wet-use instructions where applicable, and avoid force that could crack the bead.

Decoration that rises above a surrounding surface. A cameo or a stamped metal motif can have a raised design formed by carving, casting or pressing.

A hard, silvery-white precious metal in the platinum group. It is often used as a thin plating on jewellery to create a bright surface; rhodium-coloured does not necessarily mean rhodium-plated.

A manganese carbonate mineral known for pink to red colour, often with pale bands. It is relatively soft and should be protected from scratches, blows and acidic cleaners.

A manganese silicate mineral commonly pink to red with dark veining. It can take a good polish and is a different material from rhodochrosite.

A silica-rich volcanic rock, broadly similar in composition to granite but formed by faster cooling. It often has very fine crystals and may show spots, bands or flow patterns.

A beadweaving technique that joins units of beads, commonly four at a time, with the beads sitting at right angles to one another. Often abbreviated RAW.

An insert or attachment that reduces the space inside a ring to improve its fit. Designs vary, and an adjuster is different from permanently resizing the ring.

A term that may mean a ring-size adjuster or a separate ring worn to protect or surround another ring. Check which type is intended.

A broad trade name used for various decorative stone beads, often in pale cream or grey. It does not identify one mineral or prove that a bead was naturally rounded in a river.

A necklace formed from a continuous line of individually set stones. The stones may be similar in size or graduated, with larger stones toward the centre.

A name commonly used for rounded seed beads with a hole through the centre. Dimensions, hole shape and profile vary by manufacturer and size; rocailles are not necessarily silver-lined.

A material with a layer of gold alloy mechanically bonded to a base metal and worked into sheet or wire. Quality markings and the gold proportion matter; it is different from an electroplated surface.

A flattened round or disc-like bead, usually drilled through its centre. Rondelles may be smooth, faceted or embellished and are often used as spacers.

A chain with links arranged to create a twisting, rope-like appearance. Link construction, diameter and metal determine its flexibility and strength.

A very long necklace, commonly over 36 inches (91 cm). It may be worn as one long strand, doubled or knotted if its construction allows.

Prayer beads used in Catholic devotion to help count a sequence of prayers. A familiar five-decade rosary has groups of ten small beads separated by larger beads, with a crucifix and introductory beads.

A gold alloy with a pink or reddish tone, usually created by adding copper along with other metals. Its karat value gives the gold content; rose-gold colour alone does not.

A setting made for a round stone or component. It may hold the piece with prongs, a surrounding bezel or another suitable construction.

Pliers with tapered, round jaws used to form loops and curves in wire. Moving along the taper changes the loop size. Flat- or chain-nose pliers are usually better for gripping jump rings securely.

The red gem variety of corundum, with Mohs hardness 9. Colour, clarity, origin and treatment affect its appearance and value; other colours of corundum are called sapphire.

Rubycrosite is a trade name used for ruby-in-zoisite: red or pink ruby crystals in a green zoisite-bearing rock, often with dark mineral areas.

A jewellery-trade description for a warm, often antiqued or softly matte gold-coloured finish. It does not establish Russian origin, a particular gold purity or a standard coating thickness.

A titanium dioxide mineral. Fine rutile needles can occur inside quartz and other gemstones, creating visible inclusions or contributing to optical effects such as stars.

A clasp shaped like the letter S, with a curved end that hooks into a ring or loop. Designs vary; the opening must allow fastening while resisting accidental release.

A mechanism that helps prevent a pin or clasp from opening accidentally. On a brooch, it often has a rotating part that covers the pin-tip opening.

Corundum in colours other than ruby red. Blue is familiar, but sapphire also occurs in pink, yellow, orange, green, purple and colourless varieties. Its Mohs hardness is 9.

Beads with a soft, silky-looking sheen. Some glass beads achieve this with fine internal striations, while others have a satin surface finish; the description depends on the product.

A softly reflective surface between high gloss and matte. It can be produced by controlled abrasion or other treatments, depending on whether the material is metal, glass or plastic.

A long necklace, often ending in a tassel or pendant. The term is associated with elegant long-strand styles, including those popular in the early twentieth century.

Having an edge formed from a repeating series of rounded curves, similar to the outline of a scallop shell. The term describes the edge rather than the material.

A beetle-shaped motif associated with ancient Egyptian symbolism. Scarab beads and carvings may be made from stone, glass, ceramic or other materials.

A trade name for a rich, beetle-wing-like iridescent finish, often seen on dark glass. Its colour mix and treatment vary with the manufacturer.

A small loop with a threaded stem used to make a hanging connection. The stem must suit the material and hole; smooth glue-in eye pins are a related but different fitting.

An earring closure tightened with a screw. Some grip an unpierced earlobe; others are threaded backs that screw onto a pierced-ear post. Check the specific design.

Engraved decoration traditionally associated with sailors working on whale teeth or bone, often with pigment rubbed into the lines. Similar engraved designs are also made on other suitable materials.

Glass naturally weathered by water, sand and movement into softened, frosted pieces. Manufactured sea-glass-style beads imitate the look and should be distinguished from naturally collected sea glass.

Small beads, usually glass, used for weaving, embroidery and stringing. Rounded rocailles and cylinders are common forms, alongside many specialty shapes. Size labels do not give identical dimensions across all brands and shapes.

A crystalline variety of gypsum, commonly clear or translucent. The name is also used loosely for fibrous satin-spar gypsum; both are soft and easily scratched.

A traditional trade category for gemstones outside the commonly named precious group. It is not a reliable guide to beauty, rarity, durability or price; some so-called semi-precious gems are highly valuable.

Thin decorative pieces, usually plastic or metal, with holes for sewing or attaching them. They come in flat, cupped and shaped forms for fabric and jewellery embellishment.

A trade name for ornamental clinochlore with pale, feathery-looking areas in a green body. Its softness makes it more vulnerable to scratches than many quartz-based bead materials.

A group of related minerals used for ornamental carvings and beads, often green with a waxy appearance. Material sold as new jade may be serpentine rather than jadeite or nephrite.

The structure that holds a stone, cabochon or other decorative component. Common methods include bezels, prongs, channels and adhesive-supported cups.

On a ring, the band that goes around the finger. On a button, a shank is a loop or projection on the back used for attachment.

A carved shell ornament that uses contrasting layers to make a raised image stand out from its background. The image and background colours depend on the shell.

A ring with a flat or shaped face bearing an emblem, initials or another identifying design. Historically, engraved examples were used to impress a seal.

Cord made from silk fibres, traditionally used for knotted pearl necklaces. Choose a thickness suited to the bead holes and knot size; moisture, abrasion and wear can weaken it over time.

A description of appearance, not proof of silver content. A silver-coloured component may be stainless steel, another alloy, plated metal or a different coated material.

A reflective silver-coloured lining inside a transparent glass bead’s hole. It creates brightness through the glass; actual composition and durability depend on the manufacturer and colour.

Having a layer of silver deposited over another material. The thickness and base metal vary, and the plating can wear away; the term is different from sterling silver throughout.

A historical trade term associated with beads used in the trafficking of enslaved people. Trade beads is the broader term; not every trade bead can be linked to that history.

A decorative component designed to move along a chain, cord, ribbon or strand. It usually has a passage or openings that guide the material through it.

A mineral commonly used for blue beads with white or pale veining. It is a distinct mineral, while lapis lazuli is a rock made of several minerals; similar colours can cause confusion.

A brand of flexible, nylon-coated beading wire from Soft Flex Company. It is designed for a supple drape; select the diameter and finishing method for the beads and project.

A jewellery design featuring one principal stone, especially a ring. The word can describe the setting style or the single stone itself.

Multi-hole components that keep parallel strands separated and aligned. They are used in multi-strand bracelets and necklaces to help control spacing and drape.

Beads placed between larger or focal beads to create separation, rhythm or flexibility. They may be discs, small rounds, tubes or other shapes.

A gemstone distinct from ruby, available in colours including red, pink, blue, purple and black. Its Mohs hardness is 8. Some historic stones called rubies were later identified as spinel.

Double-coiled rings that work like miniature key rings. A component slides around the overlapping coils to attach, helping resist the opening that can occur with a simple unsoldered ring.

Pliers with a small projecting tip that separates the coils of a split ring. Choose a tool suited to the ring size so the ring is not overstretched.

A circular clasp with a spring-loaded sliding section opened by a small lever. It fastens through a ring or chain link.

A beadweaving stitch that aligns beads in rows and columns, producing an appearance similar to loomwork. Each bead is connected through a reinforcing thread path.

A metal component shaped or decorated with dies or stamps. It may be solid or pierced; an open stamping can also serve as a base for wired-on decorative elements.

A silver alloy containing at least 92.5% silver, commonly marked 925. Other metals improve its working properties. It can tarnish, and a silver-plated base-metal item is not sterling silver throughout.

A locality-related trade name for patterned ornamental stone associated with California. Appearance varies; the name alone does not establish an exact mineral composition or a single colour pattern.

A temporary bead used to keep other beads from sliding off a thread while you work. Passing through it again creates friction; remove it before finishing unless the pattern says otherwise.

Arranging beads or other components into one or more strands for a jewellery design. Multi-strand work may use spacer bars and a shared clasp to manage the finished arrangement.

Beads showing fine lines, streaks or bands in or on their material. Striations may be decorative colour patterns, internal glass structures or surface texture.

An earring that sits close to the ear, usually with a decorative front attached to a post. A back holds the post in place.

A descriptive trade name, often used for beads with a rough, sparkling surface resembling sugar crystals. Some suppliers use it differently, including for small seed beads; check the product image and finish description.

A feldspar gemstone that may sparkle from reflective plate-like inclusions, an effect called aventurescence. The inclusions and body colours vary with the material’s source.

A knot with an extra turn in its first throw to add friction while it is tightened, followed by an opposing throw. Suitability depends on the cord; use the knot and finishing method recommended for your material.

A broad commercial description for certain stainless steels. It does not by itself identify an alloy grade or guarantee nickel-free or irritation-free wear; use the component’s documented material specification.

A non-standard name found in some bead and gemstone listings. It is not a reliable mineral identification on its own; ask the supplier to confirm the material rather than assuming it means sugilite.

A tool or process used to shape metal by pressure or hammering, often against a shaped die or groove. The method can form, reduce or refine a metal section.

Branded crystal-glass components made by Swarovski. The current Advanced Crystal formula is marketed as lead-free; older components may use different glass recipes. Crystal here refers to manufactured glass, not a natural mineral crystal.

A very soft magnesium silicate mineral and the reference for Mohs hardness 1. It can be scratched easily, including with a fingernail.

An object worn or carried for symbolic protection, luck or another personal or cultural meaning. The term describes its intended significance rather than a material or construction.

Embroidery made with a small hooked needle through fabric held under tension. In beaded tambour work, pre-strung beads are guided into position as chain stitches secure them from the reverse.

The blue to violet gem variety of zoisite, associated with Tanzania. It has cleavage and needs protection from sharp blows and sudden temperature changes.

A controlled treatment used to change material properties. In hardened steel, reheating can reduce brittleness; in glass, tempering is a different strengthening process that creates controlled surface compression.

A broad description of silver jewellery or components made in Thailand. Some artisan work uses high-purity silver, but the country name does not specify fineness; use the stated silver content or hallmark.

Findings used to finish leather thong or other cord ends. Many have folding tabs that grip the cord and a loop for attaching a clasp.

A flexible material used to string, weave or sew beads. Options include nylon, silk and braided synthetic fibres; choose by thickness, stretch, abrasion resistance and suitability for the technique.

A wax or formulated product used to help reduce tangling and friction on suitable threads. It does not repair weak thread, and some pre-treated or braided threads do not need it.

A hole that passes completely through a bead or component. It may run through the centre, across the top or along another direction; it does not have to be symmetrical.

The name associated with Tiffany & Co.’s six-prong solitaire diamond setting, which lifts the stone above the band. Similar constructions are often described more generally as six-prong settings.

A common name for plastic-coated, multi-strand steel beading wire, often in a seven-strand construction. Products vary; choose the diameter and compatible crimps for the bead weight and hole size.

A quartz-based ornamental stone with fibrous structure that produces a moving band of reflected light, called chatoyancy. Golden brown is familiar, with other colours also occurring or produced by treatment.

A trade term associated with cut and polished glass facets, historically involving polishing on a tin lap. It does not guarantee hand-cutting or a single modern production method.

The bar-shaped half of a toggle clasp. It passes through the matching ring and rests across it to keep the jewellery fastened.

A two-part clasp made from a ring and a longer bar. The bar passes through the ring and turns across it; the proportions and finished fit must help prevent it slipping back through.

A hole near the top of a drop or pendant, often running sideways for a hanging connection. This is different from half-drilled, where a hole stops inside the material and usually takes a peg or adhesive fitting.

A gemstone that occurs in several colours and is the reference for Mohs hardness 8. Despite its scratch hardness, it has strong cleavage and can split if struck. Many blue topazes are treated.

A rigid or semi-rigid neck ornament, often open at the front with decorated ends. The term is associated with ancient metalwork and is also used for some open bracelet designs.

A group of related minerals used as gemstones in many colours. Individual crystals can show more than one colour, including pink-and-green watermelon tourmaline.

Beads used as goods, gifts or currency in trade across different cultures and periods. They vary widely in material, size and origin. Some were involved in the trade in enslaved people; that history cannot be assigned to every bead.

Allowing light to pass through while scattering it, so objects behind the material are not seen clearly. A translucent bead may be coloured, milky, glossy or matte.

Allowing light through with enough clarity to see objects behind the material. Transparent beads may be colourless or strongly coloured, and may also have coatings or lined holes.

Beads with a triangular outline or cross-section. Some seed beads have three-sided bodies and central holes; other triangle-shaped components have different hole positions or multiple holes.

Another name for a lobster clasp: a spring-loaded clasp opened with a small lever. Choose a size that suits the jewellery and is comfortable to operate.

A unit used for precious metals, equal to approximately 31.1035 grams or 20 pennyweights. It is heavier than the ordinary avoirdupois ounce, which is approximately 28.3495 grams.

Finishing items in a rotating barrel or vibrating container with appropriate media. Abrasive media can smooth surfaces, while polishing or burnishing media refine the finish; choose the process for the material.

A blue to green copper-aluminium phosphate mineral used for beads and cabochons. Treatments and imitations are common, so natural, stabilised, dyed and imitation material should be identified accurately.

An ornamental rock combining pink feldspar, green epidote and quartz. Its mottled colour pattern makes each bead slightly different.

Depositing a thin surface layer in a low-pressure chamber. Processes such as physical vapour deposition can create metallic or other effects on suitable materials; the process name alone does not establish durability.

Glass beads made in Venice or its surrounding glassmaking tradition, which extends back many centuries. Venetian-style describes a similar appearance made elsewhere; style alone does not establish origin or age.

Glass beads with flower decorations, often formed by applying fine coloured glass to the surface. Fiorato refers to a floral appearance; verify origin separately from the decorative style.

Beads with coloured glass or decoration enclosed beneath another layer of glass. Sommerso means submerged; the technique does not require aventurine flecks or a particular colour combination.

Gold-plated sterling silver. Gold purity, coating thickness and applicable marking requirements vary by market; vermeil is different from gold plating over a base metal, and its gold surface can still wear.

A description for an item from an earlier period. There is no universal ten-year rule; a stated date or estimated era is more useful than the word alone. Vintage-style means a newer item with an older look.

A name used for multicolour reflective coatings on crystal or glass. Effects such as Vitrail Medium and Vitrail Light have different colour palettes, so use the full manufacturer finish name.

A short watch chain, typically with a swivel clasp at one end and a spring ring at the other. Historical examples were worn across a waistcoat; modern versions are also worn as necklaces.

A descriptive name for beads whose colours suggest watermelon, often pink or red with green. Some vintage glass beads use the name differently; it does not identify a single material, pattern or age.

The crosswise thread woven across the lengthwise warp threads on a loom. In bead looming, the weft carries the beads and secures them between the warp threads.

Layered glass beads with an opaque white core beneath a coloured, transparent outer layer. The white centre brightens the colour; the name does not describe a heart shape or guarantee antique age.

Metal wire used to form loops, wraps and structural parts. Choose its metal, diameter, shape and hardness for the job. AWG numbers run opposite to thickness: a lower number means thicker wire. Flexible multi-strand beading cable is a different construction.

A small, curved channel that supports a loop of beading wire where it joins a clasp or ring. It helps protect that contact point and is used with the appropriate crimped finish.

A board or fixture with pegs arranged to guide wire into repeatable shapes. The peg positions and diameters control the bends and loop sizes.

Making jewellery or decorative components by bending, looping, wrapping or weaving wire. Beads and stones may be incorporated, or the wire itself may form the design.

Tools such as round-nose and chain-nose pliers, suitable cutters, mandrels, hammers and bench blocks. Choose smooth surfaces and the right tool rating to shape wire without unwanted marks or tool damage.

A calcium aluminium silicate mineral with several ornamental and gem forms. Blue-violet tanzanite is a zoisite variety; ruby-in-zoisite combines ruby crystals with green zoisite-bearing rock.